Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Odontamblyopus rubicundus (Perciformes: Gobiidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis

Odontamblyopus rubicundus is a species of gobiid fishes, inhabits muddy-bottomed coastal waters. In this paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of O. rubicundus is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence is 17119 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a control region and an L-strand origin as in other teleosts. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on H-strand except for ND6 and seven tRNA genes. Some overlaps occur in protein-coding genes and tRNAs ranging from 1 to 7 bp. The possibly nonfunctional L-strand origin folded into a typical stem-loop secondary structure and a conserved motif (5^′-GCCGG-3^′) was found at the base of the stem within the tRNA ^Cys gene. The TAS, CSB-2 and CSB-3 could be detected in the control region. However, in contrast to most of other fishes, the central conserved sequence block domain and the CSB-1 could not be recognized in O. rubicundus, which is consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae). In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable.     

Macroinvertebrate community structure,secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution

1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams. 2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP. 3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey. 4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.     

崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子

阐明水鸟栖息地利用与环境因子的关系有助于制定针对性的水鸟保护对策。本研究在2012~2013年冬季对崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区内越冬水鸟的种类、数量以及6种环境因子(植被面积比例、裸地面积比例、水深、地形变异、栖息地结构多样性和干扰)进行调查,以了解水鸟对人工湿地的栖息地利用及其影响因子。野外调查共记录到水鸟24种9 018只,其中优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)和绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos);栖息地优化区内水鸟休息的个体数量占总数量的79.2%,这表明优化区是大多数水鸟的休息地,而小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)和黑脸琵鹭(P.minor)的觅食个体数量超过60%,说明优化区也为这些鸟类提供了觅食地。逐步回归分析表明,裸地面积比例是影响越冬水鸟种类分布的最主要因子;尽管游禽在地形变异较大、植被面积比例较低的区域数量较多,但在休息时游禽更偏好于裸地面积比例较高的区域,而涉禽休息时偏好于地形变异较大的区域。为增加栖息地优化区内的水鸟多样性,建议在优化区内种植水鸟可食的沉水植物以增加水鸟的食物资源,同时增加裸地面积比例和地形变异程度,更好地为水鸟提供栖息地。     

AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的作用机制

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与大约80%的陆生高等植物形成共生体。由土传病原物侵染引起的土传病害被植物病理学界认定为最难防治的病害之一。研究表明,AM真菌能够拮抗由真菌、线虫、细菌等病原体引起的土传性植物病害,诱导宿主植物增强对病虫害的耐/抗病性。当前,利用AM真菌开展病虫害的生物防治已经引起生态学家和植物病理学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的最新研究进展,从AM真菌改变植物根系形态结构、调节次生代谢产物的合成、改善植物根际微环境、与病原微生物直接竞争入侵位点和营养分配、诱导植株体内抗病防御体系的形成等角度,探究AM真菌在植物病虫害防治中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展植物病虫害的生物防治提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。     

蒙古栎、白桦根系分解及养分动态

采用埋袋法对蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)两个树种粗根(>10 mm)、中粗根(5—10 mm)、中根(2—5 mm)和细根(<2 mm)的分解速率和养分动态进行研究。结果表明,根系的重量保持率随时间增加呈下降趋势,这种趋势可用Olson指数衰减模型来拟合,即:Xt/X0=e-kt(t为分解时间,X0为根系初始干重,Xt为分解t时间的残留干重,k为年分解系数),通过拟合计算出年分解系数k。在本研究中,蒙古栎粗根、中粗根、中根、细根的年分解系数分别为:0.2928、0.2562、0.2928、0.3660;白桦依次分别为:0.2196、0.3294、0.3660、0.4392,基本呈现随直径增加分解速率减小的趋势。根系分解过程中,两树种各径级均是N浓度增加,可溶性糖浓度减小。在根系分解的不同时期两树种各径级N表现出不同程度的释放或富集,没有明显的规律性;可溶性糖却一直处于释放状态。分解1a时间,蒙古栎各径级根系表现为释放N元素;白桦表现为细根和中根释放N元素,中粗根和粗根富集N元素。蒙古栎、白桦细根和中根可溶性糖的释放率达90%以上,中粗根和粗根的释放率达80%以上。     

施氮对木荷3个种源幼苗根系发育和氮磷效率的影响

以浙北、闽北和赣南3个木荷有代表性的种源作为试验材料,通过人工控制施氮来研究氮沉降对林地贫瘠土壤上木荷幼苗生长和氮磷效率的影响.实验分为4个处理组,分别人工喷施NH4NO3溶液0、50、100和200 kg N hm-2·a-1.结果表明:氮沉降对木荷幼苗生长产生了不同程度的促进作用.木荷幼苗根系干物质重、总长、平均直径、根总表面积和总体积增加了33％-73％,其中＞0.5mm直径的根系生长最为显著,根系呈粗壮舒张型.随氮水平的提高,氮磷吸收效率与根系总长、根系体积、根系平均直径和总表面积相关性增强.在中氮水平下,木荷幼苗根系氮吸收效率受＞0.5mm根长的作用显著,而磷吸收效率与≤0.5mm,0.5-1.0mm和≥1.0mm 3种直径根系根长均显著相关.木荷种源间差异显著,福建建瓯种源根系发达,氮磷的利用效率更高,低氮水平对其根系生长促进作用显著;浙江杭州种源在低氮水平下,地上部分生长促进作用显著,苗高和地径较对照分别增长34％和26％,而根系生长发育迟缓,对氮素响应迟钝;低氮促进江西信丰种源整体增长,但随氮水平提高,地下部生长抑制加强.     

基于Holdridge和CCA分析的中国生态地理分区的比较

在前人工作基础上,对中国自然地理要素与生态地理区域的关系进行了综合分析,采用全国地形、土壤、气候、植被及遥感植被指数等数据,综合分析中国范围生态地理区域的分异规律,制订了生态地理分区的初步方案,并建立了相应的地理信息系统.基于Holdridge模型和CCA分析划分中国生态地理分区,建立了分区的指标体系,得到中国生态分区的大致界线,初步总结了各生态地理分区的地形、植被、气候等综合自然地理特征,完成对中国区域生态地理分区的划分.基于CCA分析的生态地理的分区,不仅结合自然区划和生态地理两种方法,而且加入了生态群落和遥感数据的综合应用.结果显示,由于受到模型适用性及数据误差的原因,基于CCA分析的结果比Holdridge模型的结果更合理一些.     

10种棘豆属植物的trnL-F序列及其分子系统学研究

选择内蒙古27个样地采集的10种棘豆属植物54个单株,提取样品的基因组DNA,对其叶绿体trnL-F序列进行扩增、测序,所得序列利用ClustalX软件进行对位排列,并用MEGA5.0软件采用最大似然法构建系统发育树,以探讨棘豆属的种间关系与系统进化.结果显示:(1)10种棘豆属trnL-F的变异位点54个,信息位点46个,种间碱基差异百分率为1.9％,GC含量变化范围在30.69％～31.50％之间.(2)棘豆属与黄芪属各为一支,自展支持率达99％,支持棘豆属植物为单系起源.(3)系统树中小花棘豆的样本自成一支,为相对独立进化;多叶棘豆、砂珍棘豆和黄毛棘豆的样本相互混杂,表明亲缘关系很近,从而支持《内蒙古植物志》将三者归入真棘豆亚属轮叶棘豆组的观点.(4)刺叶柄棘豆的样本不同样地形成2个分支,对其亚属水平上的分类需进一步探讨.(5)缘毛棘豆与阴山棘豆的样本聚成一支,支持将二者归入矮生棘豆组.研究表明,trnL-F序列可为棘豆属下种间系统发育关系研究提供分子证据.     

卤虫投喂下长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼消化酶发育和口宽变化的研究

采用酶学和形态学测定方法, 研究在投喂卤虫条件下长吻(鱼危)仔鱼4种主要消化酶: 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性变化以及长吻(鱼危)仔鱼口宽、全长变化。实验共进行13d, 实验结果表明: (1)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼全长、口宽的发育与其日龄表现出明显的线性正相关(R_TL²=0.974, R_MW²=0.964)。口宽与全长比值(MW/TL)在仔鱼开口后急剧下降, 并自7日龄开始维持在0.07—0.08, 口宽和全长处于同步发育期并表现出明显的相关性(R²=0.948), 说明7日龄(/h, days post hatching)后口宽和全长处于同步发育期, 标志仔鱼转食的开始。(2)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼初次开口时即可检测出四种消化酶的活性。5—7/h时胰蛋白酶显著高于初孵仔鱼, 与此时仔鱼开始开口摄食的行为相一致。胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性在仔鱼孵化后第7天即开口的第3天, 淀粉酶活性在孵化后第6天, 显著高于初次孵化出来的仔鱼。8—13/h时, 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均在较高水平平稳的波动, 标志着消化道发育逐渐健全。